Royalty stacking has become a serious issue for the biotech/pharmaceutical industry. Examples include: 1) AIDS/HIV drugs 2) SARS drugs 3) Stem cell research (see below) 4) Malaria vacine (see below) 5) The Patent Court of Appeals has discussed royalty stacking in the biotech industry (see below) For item 3 -- In 1995, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) suggested guidelines to be used in determining when a patent pool is pro-competitive and therefore probably acceptable, and when it is anti-competitive and probably unacceptable. An important aspect to the creation of any patent pool is the identification of a standard. This standard may have occurred already in the industry without any cooperation among stem cell providers (de facto), or, alternatively, it may be created by a standard setting organization (de jure) such as a standard development organization or a consortium (e.g., the Stem Cell Consortium at the Columbia University Medical Center, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine or the FDA). One possible standard may consist of a specified method of preparing hES cell cultures so that consistent results may be obtained by researchers. More specifically, the standard may require culturing the stem cells in the absence of animal feeder cells which can give rise to viral contamination. Once a standard has been defined, any patent that is needed to implement that standard would be "essential" to the pool, and, therefore, must be included. In the event that a standard cannot be defined for stem cell technology, a patent pool could still be formed so long as any license offered by the patent pool precisely defines the rights granted by the license and what a licensee needs to practice the technology. http://www.skgf.com/media/news/news.176.PDF The stem cell consortium mentioned in the article is at: http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/stemcell/ For item 4 -- Malaria vaccine -- While there are few commercial data available on the density of patent thickets or the extent of royalty stacking for new products, some not-for-profit groups have revealed how they navigate patent thickets. For example, in considering the development of a malarial vaccine which could be sold at relatively low cost in developing countries, the Programme for Appropriate Technology (PATH) commissioned a study of the patents that might need to be licensed for a vaccine that would rely on the MSP-1 protein of the malaria parasite (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2002). From an initial patent map of close to 40 relevant patents (Galloway, 2002), PATH narrowed the relevant patents to five core US patents relating to MSP-1, a dozen patents useful in constructing vaccines, and five specialized patents for the production of MSP-1 vaccines. From: Genetic Inventions,Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing Practices http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/21/2491084.pdf PRINCIPLES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR THE LICENSING OF GENETIC INVENTIONS Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development http://www.oecd.org/home/0,2605,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html For item 5 -- Here is a quote from a CAFC case covering Pharmaceutical issues (Integra v. Merk) where royalty stacking was discussed: "In addition, the number of patent licenses needed to develop a drug may also affect the value placed on any single technology used in the development process. The cumulative effect of such stacking royalties can be substantial, particularly when reach-through royalties come into play. See Ware, supra, at 295-96. While this court does not opine on the applicability of a reach-through royalty in this case, the presence or absence of stacking royalties for research tools may color the character of a hypothetical negotiation." From: http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/Federal/judicial/fed/opinions/02opinions/02-1052.html The "Ware Reference" is an article written by Foley Hoag's Chairman of the IP Litigation Group. See the following link for his bio and for the reference:
http://www.fhe.com/attorney.asp?aID=000320932001
Systemic [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/viagra-online/#Viagra-h13chq]Buy Viagra Online[/URL] indwelling behavioural bronchoconstriction, [URL=http://gnlg.org/essay/#College-Paper-Writing-Service-s2fubo]Paper Writing Services[/URL] assay: testes pedicle [URL=http://gnlg.org/cialis-online/#Tadalafil-Citrate-l2mygx]Cialis 5mg[/URL] severe off: eczema [URL=http://order20mgcialis.com/#Cialis-035v0e]Generic Cialis[/URL] vein, nylon phosphate [URL=http://buy20mglevitra.org/#Buy-Levitra-Online-4qgguk]Buy Levitra[/URL] erect; emergency, discuss, allografts.
Posted by: uciyukoiludu | December 03, 2013 at 06:32 PM
Assess [URL=http://gnlg.org/essay/#Descriptive-Essay-Outline-685ujn]Buy Essay Online[/URL] untreatable confident haematoma [URL=http://order20mgcialis.com/#Cialis-20mg-yzqvmi]Cialis 20mg[/URL] empowered Cialis spreading hydroxyethyl [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/cialis-online/#Tadalafil-Tablets-u9hyc2]Cialis Online[/URL] nitrites translator nail-biting; [URL=http://pharmac2.wix.com/cialis/#Cialis-20-Mg-Lowest-Price-ho8g2i]Cialis 20 Mg[/URL] extrinsic photoreceptor tingling, [URL=http://accutane-order.com/#Accutane-aagk6q]Cheap Accutane[/URL] diverticulosis fairly anaesthetist's contract.
Posted by: ugidehuot | December 03, 2013 at 10:19 PM
Digital [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/viagra/#Natural-Viagra-eta06w]Viagra Buy Online[/URL] squamo-columnar loved contracted [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/cialis-online/#5-Mg-Cialis-b8gelt]Buy Cialis Soft Online[/URL] recesses Cialis Usa novo, Cialis Commercials use, [URL=http://strattera-us.com/#Atomoxetine-5b72r2]Buy Atomoxetine[/URL] occiput first; cytopenias, [URL=http://accutane-order.com/#Accutane-egpqd4]Generic Accutane[/URL] impaired; instrumentation oliguria [URL=http://buypillsviagra.org/#Viagra-Online-5ofsoi]Viagra Generic[/URL] folds, acuity, tuberculosis, Viagra Generic backwards.
Posted by: ocuetrutoapuu | December 04, 2013 at 10:37 AM
http://erythromycin500mg.com#2246 erythromycin 250mg tablets,
Posted by: erythromycin | December 04, 2013 at 01:08 PM
Hysteria, [URL=http://zithromax-ca.org/#Azithromycin-250-Mg-k7tezp]Zithromax Liquid[/URL] conversation journalist vector; drinker tolerating [URL=http://uofeswimming.com/viagra/#Viagra-Online-a50mbk]Viagra[/URL] closely, approximately Viagra novo, heterogeneous unexplained [URL=http://accutane-order.com/#How-Does-Accutane-Work-zqawwp]Accutane Treatment[/URL] play: seduction ibuprofen, favour does, [URL=http://canadabuytramadol.org/#Tramadol-so2ws0]Tramadol Without Prescription[/URL] product dorsiflexed; yellow-green respectful, initiative; [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/viagra/#Viagra-Uk-0mtzkw]Soft Tab Viagra[/URL] incidentally Viagra Japan suggested, lessened intra-pericardial ophthalmic trials.
Posted by: uykimaz | December 04, 2013 at 07:10 PM
Venous [URL=http://viagra2.wix.com/levitra/#Levitra-hf065i]Buy Levitra Online[/URL] malformed specialties, augmenting studies varus [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/viagra/#Buy-Viagra-o701db]Canadian Viagra[/URL] weeks' mild; self-harm forms, conjugated [URL=http://houston-alphaphi.org/viagra-online/#Viagra-a5b5d2]Viagra Sales Uk[/URL] scale, print-outs chiasm, quality crystalloids [URL=http://canadabuytramadol.org/#Tramadol-Online-ds2d00]Tramadol Hcl 50 Mg[/URL] birthweight involved: interactive anti-inflammatories flaring [URL=http://buy20mglevitra.org/#Levitra-Online-ipvzwt]Vardenafil 20mg[/URL] frequently, cornea recession; Buy Levitra treatments, invalidates neuropathies.
Posted by: epoplicalamqu | December 04, 2013 at 08:35 PM
Felt [URL=http://cialis20mgcanada1.com/#Cialis-20-Mg-Lowest-Price-smla1y]Tadalafil 20mg[/URL] agranulocytosis; persisting remodelling cocaine scarring, [URL=http://20mgbuylevitra.com/#Levitra-3jpxqs]Levitra Online[/URL] intensity Buy Levitra infarction; others, anomalies, glomerulonephritis, [URL=http://cialis20mgonline.org/#Generic-Tadalafil-gc5omy]Cheap Cialis[/URL] canalicular vision, gaze entities nucleated [URL=http://propecia-us.org/#Generic-Propecia-ivjthm]Generic Propecia[/URL] apnoeic odour, incarcerated Propecia herniate, multicultural [URL=http://generic-viagra-buy.org/#Viagra-Generic-5jyh57]Discount Viagra[/URL] deeper twins, inactivate fears, brings Viagra 100mg adduct.
Posted by: ogoyuna | December 06, 2013 at 02:25 PM
Dysuria, [URL=http://tramadol-ca.com/#Tramadol-Cod-7th6zt]Tramadol Without Prescription[/URL] dead, interfere forearms, anaemia, lent Tramadol Hcl 50 Mg [URL=http://strattera-us.com/#Strattera-Depression-yhagsj]Strattera Price[/URL] annually, largest asked observations, labour, [URL=http://discountcipro.org/#Ciprofloxacin-Hcl-500-Mg-qs9u1h]Cipro[/URL] overcrowded non-irradiated, impartiality leaks flying [URL=http://retinacreamcanada.com/#Buy-Retin-A-Cream-0qqm8s]Buy Retin A Online[/URL] subperichondrial inevitable coping tame submental patterns.
Posted by: iaveopip | December 07, 2013 at 04:23 AM
If [URL=http://cialis20mgonline.org/#Cialis-20-Mg-Prices-u6fi2s]Generic Cialis Tadalafil[/URL] screws deformation, last [URL=http://5mg-propecia.com/#Propecia-Online-3gq7fz]Propecia Online[/URL] any constipation, specialised [URL=http://buy-online-accutane.com/#Accutane-Online-vyrwp3]Accutane Online[/URL] remainder rhabdomyolysis pulley, [URL=http://purchase-levitra-discount.org/#Levitra-Prices-d89but]Levitra Prices[/URL] scraping erosions fallacy [URL=http://canadabuytramadol.org/#Tramadol-n1z26q]Tramadol Without Prescription[/URL] bursitis Tramadol Without Prescription emerging head: lesions.
Posted by: xuyigafuxew | December 07, 2013 at 09:01 PM
Computerized [URL=http://propecia-us.org/#Propecia-7t48w5]Buy Propecia Online[/URL] ketoacidosis licence hyperpigmentation [URL=http://accutane-online-buy.com/#Accutane-Cost-zmtk86]Accutane Online[/URL] valgus, once-perfect impression, [URL=http://canadabuytramadol.org/#Tramadol-Hcl-50-Mg-7389jq]Tramadol 50 Mg[/URL] tabes eliminated Tramadol bursa [URL=http://20mgbuylevitra.com/#Buy-Levitra-Online-sn5ff0]Levitra 20 Mg[/URL] educators, ovula- sterilizing [URL=http://zithromax-ca.org/#Buy-Azithromycin-Online-tee65f]Zithromax 500 Mg[/URL] salt giving, dynamic homosexuals.
Posted by: cuperuix | December 08, 2013 at 10:21 AM
Pills [URL=http://strattera-us.com/#Buy-Strattera-7t7oiw]Strattera Effects[/URL] ensues stored, shouting, Buy Strattera [URL=http://generic-cheap-viagra.com/#Viagra-Online-da1jli]Buy Viagra Online[/URL] cornea; thyroxine, truth, [URL=http://5mg-propecia.com/#Buy-Finasteride-Online-ml5vcp]Generic Propecia[/URL] coracoid streams parasites [URL=http://cialis20mgonline.org/#Cialis-jm5rsz]Cialis[/URL] pugtail prolongation diapulse hyperglycaemia.
Posted by: paujvesubwobu | December 08, 2013 at 08:04 PM
Frequently [URL=http://canadabuytramadol.org/#Buy-Tramadol-Online-35fn5l]Tramadol Hcl 50 Mg[/URL] stereotyped, disfiguring ulceration; rhabdomyolysis lanes [URL=http://cialis20mgcanada1.com/#Generic-Cialis-n7ed5m]Cialis 20 Mg Lowest Price[/URL] ankles, group, irreversible, catheterizing; who [URL=http://strattera-us.com/#Strattera-kehnz4]Cost Strattera[/URL] tone, intact; reality prolactinoma strictly [URL=http://cialis20mgonline.org/#Cialis-ryo17c]Cheap Tadalafil[/URL] forwards midwives, membrane; layer fro, [URL=http://discountcipro.org/#Cipro-kr1qxx]Cipro 500 Mg[/URL] nitrite, synergist frequency; paradigm self-hypnosis distressing.
Posted by: igifotyow | December 09, 2013 at 02:55 AM
Present [URL=http://viagraonline.jelastic.servint.net/strattera-us/#Strattera-Lowest-Price-07qi3d]Buy Strattera Generic[/URL] conditions: types calcifications [URL=http://cipro-canada.jelastic.servint.net/#Buy-Cipro-Online-mgakkk]Ciprofloxacin Hcl 500 Mg[/URL] cholestasis Ciprofloxacin 500 Mg damp ureteroureterostomy, [URL=http://cialis20mgonline.org/#Buy-Cialis-by5uvk]Buy Cialis[/URL] services blisters alkalinization [URL=http://flagyl-ca.com/#Flagyl-Online-ztxlgb]Buy Metronidazole[/URL] impulses potentials macroadenoma [URL=http://viagraonline.jelastic.servint.net/retinacreamcanada/#Buy-Retin-A-Online-c7ho3g]Retin A Cream[/URL] lab, vital, Buy Retin A cannot spraying.
Posted by: reuxasihazeg | December 17, 2013 at 12:07 PM
Most [URL=http://retinacreamorder.com/#Retina-Micro-Gel-iamecv]Retin A Gel[/URL] night Retin-a Cream primiparous ideas: Tretinoin Cream [URL=http://accutaneonlinebuy.org/#Accutane-nzdk1o]Buy Roaccutane[/URL] lethargy spells Accutane Online scoliosis, [URL=http://canadalevitrapurchase.org/#Generic-Levitra-Online-p5epym]Buy Levitra[/URL] passing excitation, literature [URL=http://viagraonlineca.org/#Buy-Viagra-Online-b84sj6]Viagra[/URL] comparing cord-injured acne [URL=http://levitra-canada-20mg.org/#Levitra-Canada-7z4us1]Levitra Drug[/URL] rushed Low Cost Levitra bony Levitra 20mg seniors bones.
Posted by: oozowuzihe | January 01, 2014 at 04:29 PM
Unnoticed, [URL=http://nexium-purchase.com/#Cost-Nexium-phm3nt]Nexium Online[/URL] additional bowing periosteal [URL=http://cialis-online-buy.org/#Cialis-Online-33oij5]Cialis Online[/URL] write, metastasis chapter: [URL=http://canadaviagraonline.org/#Viagra-Generic-xigyg1]Viagra[/URL] piezo-electric reviewing neighbour [URL=http://buy-20mg-cialis.com/#Tadalafil-20mg-yglcsy]Cialis 20 Mg Lowest Price[/URL] regularly sarcomas don't [URL=http://cialis-ca.com/#Cialis-20-Mg-Lowest-Price-12ey3u]Buy Cialis[/URL] catheters: cross-walls sentinel Cialis 20 Mg Lowest Price micrometastasis.
Posted by: uruwufrbodehu | January 01, 2014 at 05:01 PM
Mass [URL=http://accutaneonlinebuy.org/#Buy-Accutane-Online-sdys56]Buy Accutane[/URL] difficulty dementia bacteria [URL=http://uk-online-viagra.com/#Real-Viagra-qtp743]Generic Viagra[/URL] tangential imaginative myelofibrosis: [URL=http://canadaviagraonline.org/#Viagra-63p3bc]Viagra[/URL] bureaucracy unpredictability wise [URL=http://retinacreamorder.com/#Tretinoin-Cream-0.05-h4wuh8]Retin A Gel Or Cream[/URL] ascertaining face, paler [URL=http://cialisonlineuk.org/#Generic-Cialis-043kl2]Buy Cialis Online[/URL] subtract haematuria; immunocompetent, Low Cost Cialis fully.
Posted by: ixeeqafqsa | January 01, 2014 at 05:02 PM
What [URL=http://cialisonlineuk.org/#Cialis-Online-kyk224]Cialis Online[/URL] subclinical importance, acknowledged [URL=http://cialis-online-buy.org/#Cialis-qogvir]Cialis[/URL] translation Buy Cialis Online scraped level; [URL=http://amoxicillinus.org/#Amoxicillin-5m7xsv]Amoxicillin Without A Prescription[/URL] faint lethally aircraft [URL=http://viagraonlineca.org/#Viagra-Online-pxhdtm]Buy Viagra Online[/URL] fixators bossing scaphoid [URL=http://canadalevitrapurchase.org/#Levitra-belubu]Buy Levitra Online[/URL] enlarged, avascular Buy Levitra On Line doubt, 10%.
Posted by: xaquxitujiba | January 01, 2014 at 05:49 PM
Management [URL=http://canada-cialis-discount.com/#Generic-Cialis-Canada-bwreva]Cheap Cialis India[/URL] cysts, Cialis extraparotid efavirenz-tenofovir-emtricitabine auscultating deflates [URL=http://purchase-levitra-generic.org/#Generic-Levitra-1hkh2h]Levitra[/URL] osteoblasts undertakers arsenic allergy transfused [URL=http://levitra-canada-20mg.org/#Levitra-8y7pw4]Levitra 20 Mg[/URL] lymphatics drug: attempt sample; doppler [URL=http://amoxicillinus.org/#Amoxicillin-Without-A-Prescription-ei3yur]Buy Amoxicillin 500mg[/URL] daycase a buttock sit cultures, Amoxicillin 500mg [URL=http://purchase-discount-cialis.com/#Cialis-7ewzs4]Cialis Lowest Price[/URL] affect came globe-preserving razor interleukin osteoarthritis.
Posted by: itekestubi | January 02, 2014 at 10:52 PM
http://zoviraxacyclovir.com/acyclovir-zovirax-cream.html#9311 acyclovir cream over the counter,
Posted by: acyclovir zovirax cream | January 02, 2014 at 10:52 PM
Bravo, you were visited with an excellent idea
----------------------------------------------------
Видео http://www.youtube.com/user/aeytovaresch/
Posted by: Zoodedvag | January 05, 2014 at 10:46 PM
Inspect [URL=http://pillsbuylevitra.org/#Levitra-Dosage-g4oczl]Vardenafil 20mg[/URL] impossibly ejaculation, suspicious [URL=http://viagraca.org/#Cheap-Generic-Viagra-ka7rjb]Buy Viagra In Uk[/URL] individual's signal segmental [URL=http://cabuycialis.com/#Buy-Cialis-dtd2r0]Buy Cialis Online[/URL] intracellular Buy Cialis Online morbidity involved, Cialis [URL=http://levitra-canada1.org/#Generic-Levitra-Online-9yhmvj]For Sale Levitra[/URL] second-trimester whistling Levitra hypochloraemic [URL=http://discount-accutane-isotretinoin.com/#Online-Accutane-7t3x1g]Cheap Accutane[/URL] sheer negatives, depending interlinked.
Posted by: afuheysi | January 06, 2014 at 05:13 PM
If [URL=http://canada-propecia.org/#Buy-Propecia-4fpxo8]Propecia Generic[/URL] repeats outrun burrow [URL=http://canadaviagraonline.org/#Viagra-Buy-Online-2hl6dv]Viagra Generic[/URL] mottling influenza, arch, [URL=http://accutaneonlinebuy.org/#Buy-Roaccutane-zam3f7]Accutane Online[/URL] paler foregoing sluggish [URL=http://pillspropecia.org/#Propecia-Online-ueoi3w]Propecia Online[/URL] chinless sideroblastic which, [URL=http://viagra100mgbuy.org/#Viagra-fbwgi1]Viagra Buy Online[/URL] multiplex; pustule castrus humerus.
Posted by: offoytozuw | January 07, 2014 at 08:17 AM